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:''For others similarly named, see the Syed Ahmed navigation page'' Sir Syed Ahmad Khan CSI (; 17 October 1817 – 27 March 1898), born Syed Ahmad Taqvi; (),〔Hayaat-e-Javaid, Maulana Altaf Husain Haali, Vol. 1, pp. 25–26, Arsalaan Books, Allama Iqbal Road, Azad Kashmir〕 commonly known as Sir Syed, was an Indian Muslim pragmatist,〔http://www.academia.edu/2501127/Enlightenment_and_Islam_Sayyid_Ahmad_Khans_Plea_to_Indian_Muslims_for_Reason〕 Islamic modernist,〔Glasse, Cyril, ''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'', Altamira Press, (2001)〕〔''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World,'' Thompson Gale (2004)〕 philosopher and social activist of nineteenth century India. He worked for the British East India Company and was one of the founders of the Aligarh Muslim University. In 1842, Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar–II conferred upon Sir Syed the title of ''Javad-ud Daulah'', conferred upon Sir Syed's grandfather Syed Hadi by Emperor Shah Alam II around the middle of the 18th century. In addition, the Emperor added the title of ''Arif Jang''. The conferment of these titles was symbolic of Sir Syed's incorporation into the nobility of Delhi.〔http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/srf/srf_sirsayyid.pdf〕 Born into , Sir Syed earned a reputation as a distinguished scholar while working as a jurist for the British East India Company's rule in India. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, he remained loyal to the British Empire and was noted for his actions in saving European lives.〔Glasse, Cyril, ''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'', Altamira Press, (2001)〕 After the rebellion, he penned the booklet ''The Causes of the Indian Mutiny'' – a daring critique, at the time, of British policies that he blamed for causing the revolt. Believing that the future of Muslims was threatened by the rigidity of their orthodox outlook, Sir Syed began promoting Western–style scientific education by founding modern schools and journals and organising Muslim entrepreneurs. Towards this goal, Sir Syed founded the famous Aligarh Muslim University (AMU)(earlier known as Anglo- Muhammadan Oriental College) in 1875 with the aim of promoting social, scientific, and economic development of Indian Muslims. Influential Hindu and Muslim politicians of his time viewed Sir Syed with great suspicion, since he called upon Muslims to loyally serve the British Empire. He denounced nationalist organisations such as the Indian Congress. Sir Syed promoted the adoption of Urdu as the ''lingua franca'' of all Indian Muslims, and mentored a rising generation of Muslim politicians and entrepreneurs. Prior to the Hindi–Urdu controversy, he was interested in the education of both Muslims and Hindus, and visualised India as a "beautiful bride, whose one eye was Hindu and, the other, Muslim". As a result of this view, he was regarded as a reformer and nationalist leader. There was a sudden change in Sir Syed's views after the Urdu controversy: his education and reformist policies became Muslim-specific and he fought for the status of Urdu. His biographer, Hali, wrote, "One day as Sir Syed was discussing educational affairs of Muslims with Mr. Shakespeare – the then Commissioner of Banaras – Mr. Shakespeare looked surprised and asked him, "This is the first time when I have heard you talking specifically about Muslims. Before this you used to talk about the welfare of the common Indians. Sir Syed then told him, "Now I am convinced that the two communities Muslims and Hindus will not put their hearts in any venture together. This is nothing it is just the beginning, in the coming times an ever increasing hatred and animosity appears on the horizon simply because of those who are regarded as educated. Those who will be around will witness it.", (Hali, 1993). Overall, Sir Syed is hailed as the father of the Two Nation Theory and one of the founding fathers of Pakistan, along with Allama Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. ==Early life== (Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was born on 17 October 1817 to a Noble Syed family in Delhi, which was the capital of the Mughal Empire. His family ancestral roots is said to have come from Arabia,〔Hayaat-e-Javaid, Maulana Altaf Husain Haali, Vol. 1, pp. 26, Arsalaan Books, Allama Iqbal Road, Azad Kashmir〕 and then moved to Herat of Afghanistan in the ruling times of Mughal emperor Akbar–I. Many generations of his family had since been highly connected with the administrative position in Mughal Empire. His maternal grandfather Khwaja Fariduddin served as ''Wazir'' (lit. Minister) in the court of Emperor Akbar–II.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Sir Syed Ahmad Khan )〕 His paternal grandfather Syed Hadi held a ''mansab'' (lit. General)– a high-ranking administrative position and honorary name of Jawwad Ali Khan in the court of Emperor Alamgir II. Sir Syed's father Mir Muhammad Muttaqi was personally close to Emperor Akbar–II and served as his personal adviser.) However, Syed Ahmad Khan was born at a time when rebellious governors, regional insurrections aided and led by the East India Company, and the British Empire had diminished the extent and power of the Mughal state, reducing its monarch to figurehead. With his elder brother Syed Muhammad Khan, Sir Syed was raised in a large house in a wealthy area of the city. They were raised in strict accordance with Mughal noble traditions and exposed to politics. Their mother Azis-un-Nisa played a formative role in Sir Syed's early life, raising him with rigid discipline with a strong emphasis on modern education.〔Syed Ziaur Rahman, Sir Syed and His Family Background, ''The Aftab Magazine'', Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 1998–99, p. 17-19; ''We and You'' (Special Issue), Aligarh, Sept–Oct., 1999, p. 10〕 Sir Syed was taught to read and understand the Holy Qur'an by a female tutor, which was unusual at the time. He received an education traditional to Muslim nobility in Delhi. Under the charge of Hamiduddin, Sir Syed was trained in Persian, Arabic, Urdu and orthodox religious subjects. He read the works of Muslim scholars and writers such as Sahbai, Rumi and Ghalib. Other tutors instructed him in mathematics, astronomy and Islamic jurisprudence.〔 Sir Syed was also adept at swimming, wrestling and other sports. He took an active part in the Mughal court's cultural activities. His elder brother founded the city's first printing press in the Urdu language along with the journal ''Sayyad-ul-Akbar''. Sir Syed pursued the study of medicine for several years but did not complete the course.〔 Until the death of his father in 1838, Sir Syed had lived a life customary for an affluent young Muslim noble.〔 Upon his father's death, he inherited the titles of his grandfather and father and was awarded the title of ''Arif Jung'' by the emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar. Financial difficulties put an end to Sir Syed's formal education, although he continued to study in private, using books on a variety of subjects.〔 Sir Syed assumed editorship of his brother's journal and rejected offers of employment from the Mughal court.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Syed Ahmad Khan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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